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Technical Support=20 Terminology

[Tech Support]  [Home]

A

 ADPCM

 Adaptive=20 Differential (Delta) Pulse Code Manipulation based on PCM. Loss-impaired = compression for audio-data (e.g. CD-ROM/XA, CD-i) possible on 3 = different=20 levels. Only differences between the signals are = saved.

ATIP = (Absolute Time=20 In Pre-Groove)

Based on this = information, a=20 burner can determine the absolute position in Pregroove. This area also=20 continues the following information:

      The capacity of = the blank=20 in frames.

     Position of = the=20 Lead-In

     "restricted = use" (1=20 bit)

 

     Among other things it = states=20 whether GEMA fees were also paid when buying the blank (necessary for = pure Audio=20 CD burners)

      = "host=20 application type" (6 bits)

     Contains the = application purpose of the blank, e.g. "Photo-Disk"

     Minimum and = maximum=20 write speed. More likely to be of interest for CD-RWs.

     "power mult = factor"=20

     necessary = laser power=20

     necessary = laser power=20 when deleting the CD-RW.

     CD-RW or = CD-R=20 recognition (1 bit)

ACTIVE=20 NEGATION:

Provides better noise = immunity on=20 the complex SCSI bus.

ACTIVE=20 TERMINATION:

An active terminator = actually has=20 one or more voltage regulators to produce the termination voltage, = rather than=20 using resistor voltage dividers used by the passive terminator.

With a passive = terminator the=20 termination voltage varies with the voltage on the TERMPWR line. Which = will give=20 you various voltage level of termination resulting in incorrect=20 terminations.

 With a active = terminator,=20 assuming that the TERMPWR voltage doesn't drop below the desired = termination=20 voltage (plus the regulator's minimum drop), the SCSI signals will = always be=20 terminated to the correct voltage level.

ASPI

Advanced SCSI = programming=20 Interface. A standard SCSI software interface that acts as a liaison = between=20 host adapters and SCSI device drivers. ASPI enables host adapters and = device=20 drivers to share a single SCSI hardware interface.

ASPI=20 MANAGER

A software module = that provides=20 an interface between ASPI modules, a host adapter board, and the SCSI = devices=20 connected to the adapter. A single ASPI manager can handle multiple = Input/Output=20 requests from multiple ASPI modules. ASPI managers are put requests from = multiple ASPI modules. ASPI managers are written for a specific = operating system=20 - such as DOS, OS/2 or Unix-and a specific family of host adapter = boards.

ASPI=20 MODULE

Device-level code = specific to a=20 particular kind of SCSI device that communicates with the ASPI manager. =

ASYNCHRONOUS DATA=20 TRANSFER

A method of SCSI data = transfers.=20 This is the type of transfer rate originally introduced with SCSI 1. = With this=20 type of transfer method, transfer rates of 2 MBytes/sec are common. See = also=20 SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER.

Is = SYNCHRONOUS=20 faster than ASYNCHRONOUS?

Asynchronous is = faster on short=20 cables, while synchronous is faster on long cables. The reason has to do = with=20 the propagation delay of the cable; the turn around time of the silicon; = and the=20 interlocked nature of the asynchronous handshake.

1) We have measured = propagation=20 delays from various cables and found an average of 1.7 nanoseconds per = foot,=20 which is roughly 5.25 ns per meter.

2) The turn-around = time is the=20 amount of time the SCSI chip takes to change an output in response to an = input.=20 If REQ is an input then ACK is an output. Or if ACK is an input then REQ = is an=20 output. Typical turn-around time for the 53C90 is 40 nanoseconds.

3) The asynchronous = transfer uses=20 an interlocked handshake where a device cannot do the next thing until = it=20 receives positive acknowledgment that the other device received the last = thing.

B

Barcode

The barcode, which is also = printed=20 on the packaging, can be deposited in the subcode of an audio CD. = Popular types=20 of bar code are EAN (European Article Number) or UPC (Universal Product=20 Code).

Beige Book

Is a bridge disk and = contains=20 the standard for the Kodak Photo CD=20 Format.

Block

Often, instead of Block the = description Sector is also used. However the description Block, has = become=20 established, which is what is used here as well.

A Block is the = smallest=20 addressable unit on a CD. It is identified by a time given in minutes = and=20 seconds and in the case of data through an additional identification = character,=20 whereby a Block corresponds to one seventy-fifth of a second.

On = a CD=20 there is a fixed number of blocks. A Block consists of 98 Frames and = consists of=20 3234 Bytes. As a frame contains two times 4 EDC/ECC Bytes respectively = and 1=20 control byte respectively, there are a maximum of 2352 Bytes of further = useable=20 data available. For audio CDs (CD-DA) these are fully utilized, for data = a=20 further large number of Bytes are lost:

Synchronization bytes =
Header=20
further EDC/ECC Bytes for additional security

Data = format
Useable=20 data per Block
CD-DA (Audio CD)
2352
CD-ROM Mode = 1
2048
CD-ROM=20 Mode 2
2336
CD-ROM Mode 2, XA Form 1/CD-I
2048
CD-ROM Mode = 2, XA=20 Form 2/CD-I
2324


A Block can take up 1/75 sec. of audio = data, i.e.=20 on a 74 minute CD there are 74*60*75=3D333000 blocks.

On a 74 = minute CD can=20 thus save 333000*2352=3D783216000 Bytes, that is 747MB (see MB =3D=20 Megabyte).

As a data block can only take up 2048 Bytes, on a 74 = minute CD=20 it is possible to store
333000*2048=3D681984000 Bytes =3D=20 650MB

Blue Book

Is a defined standard and = better=20 known as the term CD-Extra .

Bridge = CD

Bridge CDs=20 are CDs that can be read not only in CD-I-players but also in CD-ROM = drives of=20 PCs. Typical bridge CDs are Photo-CDs or=20 Video-CDs.

BIOS

An acronym for Basic Input/Output System. This is usually an EPROM = with=20 computer program instructions in it. A motherboard BIOS (usually by = companies=20 such as Phoenix, Award, and AMI) controls the basic functions of the = computer=20 (such as controlling the keyboard, monitor, etc.).

With a SCSI host adapter, the BIOS is used to control SCSI hard disk = drives=20 and perform the boot function. If a host adapter does not have a BIOS, = then hard=20 disk drives controlled by that host adapter cannot be used to boot from = (booting=20 must be done from another source, such as floppy, IDE, or another SCSI = host=20 adapter with a BIOS). The BIOS must be enabled in order to function = (e.g. a host=20 adapter with a BIOS that is disabled acts the same as a host adapter = without a=20 BIOS).

BLOCK COMMAND

Automatically buffers the messages, command bytes and status=20 bytes.

BOOTING

Booting is a process by which a computer starts and automatically = loads the=20 operating system.

BUS

A pathway for data in a computer system. All PCs have an expansion = bus, which=20 is designed to host add-on (expansion) devices, such as modems, adapter = boards=20 and video adapters. Expansion devices use the bus to send data to and = receive=20 data from the PC's CPU or memory. ISA, EISA and Micro Channel are the = major bus=20 standards used in PC's.

BUS MASTERING

A high performance method of data transfer in which the host = adapter's=20 on-board processor handles the transfer of data directly to and from a=20 computer's memory without intervention from the computer's = microprocessor. This=20 is the fastest method of data transfer available for multitasking = operating=20 systems.

Busmaster operation

If IDE devices in the busmaster = operation are accessed, then the data transfer takes place without using = the=20 CPU. But: Initializing and ending a data transfer itself puts a heavier = burden=20 on the CPU than if normal data transfer mode is used. It is not really=20 worthwhile operating the busmaster until several data blocks can be = transported=20 at once (Multi-).

Unfortunately busmaster drivers often cause = problems in=20 connection with CD-burners and if in doubt should be uninstalled. On = this, see:=20 How do you uninstall a busmaster driver? As of Windows 98, removing the = tick at=20 DMA by clicking on it can deactivate the busmaster operation = itself.

C

Color Books

For the = various=20 formats of a CD, a respective format has been defined in one of the = Colored=20 Books: Red Book, Yellow Book, Blue Book, Orange Book, Green Book, White = Book,=20 Beige Book.

CAV

Constant Angle Velocity = when=20 reading off a CD. Due to the constant rpm you get a brief access period = (in=20 contrast to CLV). This means that the data on the outside of the CD is = read in=20 significantly faster than the data near the middle of the CD. This = method is=20 used by practically all-new CD-drives, which can read faster than 16x. = Thus the=20 read speed detected in Nero is often not the maximum speed as the = information on=20 the test CD is near the middle of the=20 CD.

CD-Text

Apart from the audio data = there is=20 plenty of room on the CD for additional information, for example for = text, which=20 provides information on titles and artists of the pieces of music. = Currently=20 only very few Audio-CD players can handle this function. If an Audio-CD = player=20 cannot handle CD-Text, then CDs of this kind are fully compatible with = "normal"=20 Audio-CDs without CD text. This is possible because the additional CD=20 text
information is saved before the beginning of the audio data in = the=20 so-called Lead-In area of the CD.

So that the CD-Text additional=20 information can be written on a CD, this ability has to be supported by = the CD=20 Writer . In particular CD-Text can only be written in the so-called DAO = burning=20 mode (disc-at-once). However only the newest models support CD-Text. You = can=20 find out if your burner belongs to this exclusive club in the recorder = selection=20 dialog of Nero .

CD+G

CD+G and CD+MIDI = both are=20 based on CD-DA.CD-DA As well as audio, CDs can also contain graphics and = MIDI=20 music (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). In this case, '+G' or = '+MIDI' mean=20 that on the corresponding CD there is also graphics or MIDI data. The=20 information is in the R-W sub-channels=20 .

CD+MIDI

On this, see = CD+G.

CD=20 Writer

This is the device, which you then burn=20 on.

CD-DA

The CD-DA was developed in = co-operation=20 between Philips and Sony. CD-DA describes a recording format of
audio = data on=20 a CD. The standard is known today as Red Book=20 Specification.

CD-Enhanced

On this, see=20 CD-Extra.

CD-Extra

CD-Extra is a = recording format=20 according to the Blue-Book-Standard. This procedure used to have the = names=20 CD-Plus and also CD-Enhanced (or Enhanced CD). The format gets rid of = the=20 disadvantages of the classic Mixed-Mode CD. On a Mixed-Mode CD the first = track=20 always an ISO file system. For this reason an audio CD player cannot = play the=20 first title of a CD like this.

In contrast however, the CD-Extra = two=20 sessions; the first session contains up to 98 audio tracks in compliance = with=20 Red-Book Standard, the second contains the ISO-track with a ISO9660 file = system=20 and the directories CDPLUS and PICTURES. Due to this format, a CD-Extra = can be=20 played in CD-ROM drives and also in Audio-CD players as the second = session=20 remains hidden to the Audio CD = player.

CD-i

The=20 CD-I-format (Compact-Disc-Interactive) was defined by Philips and Sony = and is=20 written in Green Book .
This format is especially suitable for = creating=20 interactive Multimedia applications. These applications consist of parts = of=20 programs, which can return to animations, video and audio sequences. To = be able=20 to play CD-Is usually special play devices with a television screen are=20 used.

CD-Plus

CD-Plus is the old name for = CD-Extra.

CD-Rewritable

See=20 CD-RW.

CD-ROM/XA

Is a specification = published by=20 Philips, Microsoft and Sony 1989 to extend the CD-ROM standard. This is = based on=20 the one hand on the Yellow Book standard and on the other hand includes = some=20 elements of the CD-I specification (Green Book). Thus the specification = is often=20 called Extended Yellow Book . XA stands for eXtended Architecture and = was=20 originally supposed to become the Multimedia standard by combining two = different=20 Sector-types, provides special ADPCM-audio codes and also permits = sectors to be=20 interlaced with different contents, for example audio and=20 pictures.

CD-RW

Used to also be called = CD-E=20 (CD-Erasable). The CD-RW is a format defined by Hewlett-Packard, = Mitsubishi=20 Chemical Corp., Philips, Ricoh, and Sony. This format was defined in = 1996 and=20 uses the Phase-Change-Procedure to write. In contrast toe CD-Rs, the = CD-RWs can=20 be written on several times over (approx. 1000 times). The
capacity = of a=20 CD-RW corresponds to that of a CD-R. Attention should be paid to the = fact that=20 not every CD-ROM drive or CD Writer can read from CD-RWs. Only drives = which are=20 multiread-capable can read from CD-RWs. Audio CD Players as a general = rule in=20 contrast cannot read from=20 CD-RWs.

CIRC

CIRC=3DCross-Interleaved = Reed-Solomon=20 Code

is an error correction procedure used with the = CD.

CIRC is=20 implemented in the hardware of all CD-Audio players and CD-ROM drives = and=20 returns to the 784 Bytes (EDC/ECC) which are recorded for every Block . = With=20 this error correction it is possible to achieve an error rate of = 10^(-8), this=20 means that for every 100 million Bits one error is accepted. On a CD in = theory=20 there could be 7000 consecutive missing bits that are=20 reconstructed.

CLV

CLV Constant Linear=20 Velocity

Constant linear velocity when reading a CD.

So = the speed=20 is dependent on the position of the track and has to be adjusted = correspondingly=20 so that relatively
long access times are the=20 result.

CACHING

This is a process by which data requested by the operating system of = a=20 computer is retrieved from RAM instead of from a hard disk (or some = other mass=20 storage media). Caching algorithms will check if the requested data is = in its=20 'cache' (or RAM). RAM access is an order of magnitude faster than = today's mass=20 storage devices, so the more accesses to the cache, the faster overall = system=20 performance will be. Cache can be on the host adapter, on the = motherboard=20 (controlled by the operating system), and on the SCSI device. Operating = system=20 vendors such as Novell and Microsoft recommend that cache not be used on = the=20 host adapter, since today's operating systems cannot work in conjunction = with=20 host adapters with on board RAM. This leads to a degradation in = performance, and=20 possible data loss.

CD-ROM PAUSE AND PLAY

"Pause and play" is caused by the slow access time of CD-ROM drives. = The user=20 experiences a delay while the application pauses as it loads information = for=20 playback. This is especially apparent when video or intensive graphics = are=20 combined with audio (see XA-Audio).


COMMAND=20 SWAPPING
A SCSI host adapter feature that allows up the host = adapter=20 to support up to 255 simultaneous commands. Without this feature, = AIC-7770 based=20 host adapters support up to four simultaneous commands.

D

DAE

DAE is the abbreviation of = Digital Audio=20 Extraction. This means that the pieces of music on an audio CD are read=20 digitally. This is also called audio grabbing. Not every CD-ROM drive = can handle=20 reading the pieces of music digitally. Note that as a general rule, = CD-ROMs can=20 handle reading the pieces of music from the CD in analog (via the = soundcard).=20

Disconnect

Disconnect means that a = connected=20 device releases the SCSI bus if the device itself can carry out = time-consuming=20 tasks, e.g. a Seek so that other devices can use the bus in the = meantime. i.e.=20 this prevents the SCSI blocking the bus in the meantime. This option = should be=20 set in the BIOS of the SCSI controller and for all devices. As a general = rule=20 all SCSI devices support this option.

This option can be set in=20 Start->Settings->Control Panel->Device Manager for the = respective=20 connected devices.

DMA

DMA stands for Direct Memory Access and=20 corresponds to the busmaster operation.

As of Windows 98 the = busmaster=20 operation can explicitly be activated or=20 deactivated:

In:

Start->Settings->Control = Panel->Device=20 Manager->CD-ROM-> < drive name > -> Settings -> DMA. =
VIA=20 also sells a tool called VIADMATOOL to deactivate DMA for=20 devices.

DVD

DVD stands for Digital = Versatile=20 Disc. The original name was Digital Video Disc.

When developing = DVDs, the=20 original aim was to develop a medium with much higher capacity than a = CD-ROM. A=20 DVD can record 2 levels of information per side. The first layer can = record=20 4.7GB, the second 3.8GB so that one-sided DVD can record 8.5GB of = information.=20 DVDs can only be read by DVD-drives. These drives can also read the = CD-ROMs.=20 Unfortunately many of these DVD-drives are not capable of reading from = CD-Rs and=20 even fewer can read from CD-RWs.

Currently there are the = following types=20 of DVDs:

DVD-Audio: An audio CD with a high capacity.
DVD-R: = It=20 supposed to be the future successor of the CD-Rs thus far and can record = 3.95GB=20 of data.
DVD-RAM: It is supposed to be the successor of the CD-RWs = thus far=20 and can record 2.6GB of data.
DVD-ROM: The data CD  =
DVD-Video: A CD=20 of this kind should contain feature-length films with high audio and = video=20 quality. The videos are coded in MPEG-2 format.

Further=20 information:

Regarding the DVD the UDF (Universal Disc Format) = file=20 system is used. The data can also be accessed by a ISO9660 file system = which is=20 included. The DVD-format no longer corresponds to one of the formats = defined in=20 the Color Books.

DEVICE DRIVER

A software program that enables a PC to communicate with peripheral = devices=20 such as fixed disk drives and CD-ROM drives. Each kind of device = requires a=20 different driver. Device driver programs are stored on a PC's fixed disk = and are=20 loaded into memory at boot time.

DISK ARRAY

Two or more disks grouped together to appear as a single disk to the = host=20 system.

(DMA) DIRECT MEMORY ACCESS

A mechanism that allows hardware control of the transfer of streams = of data=20 to or from the main memory of a computing system. The mechanism may = require=20 setup by the host software. After initialization, it automatically = sequences the=20 required data transfer and provides the necessary address=20 information.

DOS PARTITION

A section of a disk storage device, created by the DOS FDISK program, = in=20 which data and/or software programs are stored. Computers have a primary = DOS=20 partition that contains the special files needed to boot the computer. A = computer's disk devices may also have extended DOS partitions. Each DOS=20 partition is assigned a unique drive letter, such as C or D. A single = disk=20 device can have multiple partitions. After you have installed EZ- SCSI = you can=20 use the AFDISK utility program to partition disk=20 devices.

DSP

Acronym for Digital Signal Processor. A Digital Signal Processor is a = specialized computer circuit designed to perform speedy and complex = operations=20 on audio waveforms. Useful in processing audio and video = signals.

E

EDC/ECC

EDC/ECC stands for Error = Detection=20 Code / Error Correction Code.

Procedure to recognize and remove = reading=20 errors. Data should not be read again but reconstruction of the = right
data=20 should happen.

In the case of a CD-ROM solved e.g. by CIRC=20 .

Further information can be found in the following = place:

http://www.geffers.demon.= co.uk/cd.html

El Torito

El Torito is a specification = presented by=20 Phoenix and IBM 1995 which describes how to put together a bootable = CD-ROM for=20 PCs. It can be used to start the operating system of a PC with the = corresponding=20 BIOS from a CD-ROM, thus it doesn't need a disk or a hard=20 disk.

EEPROM
An acronym for Electrically = Erasable=20 Programmable Read Only Memory. These devices can be erased=20 instantly.

EISA (Extended Industry Standard=20 Architecture)

A computer bus standard compatible with ISA; a 32-bit data path=20 (bus).

EMBEDDED

With reference to operating system application and utility software, = does not=20 require additional diskettes.

EPROM
An = acronym for=20 Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. These devices can be erased by = placing=20 them under an ultraviolet light for several minutes. They can then be=20 reused.

EXCLUSIVE OR (XOR)
A process based on = a=20 mathematical algorithm that is used by RAID levels 2, 3, 4 and 5 to = compare=20 computer data (binary 0s and 1s) created by a read request during a = drive=20 failure or by a write request. The result of the XOR process is parity=20 information that will be stored along with data in case of a disk = failure.

F

Finalize

To finalize is similar to = fixation,=20 however affects the whole CD. A finalized CD can have more written on = it. A CD=20 is automatically finalized if a CD is burned in DAO mode. A finalized = CD-RW=20 however can in contrast still be deleted (under the menu item = CD-Recorder=20 ->Delete CD-ReWritable )

Firmware

The = Firmware=20 inside CD burners (CD-ROM/DVD drives) there is a kind of operating = system of the=20 drive which contains the instructions how to react to commands from the=20 computer. In today's CD burners, as a general rule, the firmware can be = updated.=20 On the ahead WebSite, for example, there is a page with several links to = the=20 most up-to-date Firmware-versions.

The Firmware of a device can = be=20 determined as follows:

For CD Writer in Nero by selecting the = menu entry=20 CD recorder->Choose CD-
Recorder the firmware version will be = shown..=20
In Windows 95/98 itself the Firmware can be determined as follows=20

Start -> Settings -> Control Panel -> System -> = Device=20 Manager -> CD-ROM -> <Your drive> ->
Properties=20

Fixation

Fixation is similar to = finalize,=20 however doesn't affect the whole CD but only an individual=20 session.

Fixation means that the session currently being written = will be=20 closed to be able to be read. To do so Lead-In and Lead-Out data is = written. A=20 session is always automatically fixed with the current Nero=20 version.

Frame

A Block consists of 98 = frames. A=20 Frame has the following structure:

24 Bytes of usable data and = one Byte=20 of control information as well as eight Bytes for error recognition and=20 correction. The latter are determined by the code set in the Red Book = designated=20 EDC/ECC(Error Detection Code, Error Correction Code), which is used for = all CD=20 standards.

FAST SCSI
Provides for performance = and=20 compatibility enhancements to SCSI-1 by increasing the maximum = synchronous data=20 transfer rate on the SCSI bus from 5 MBytes/sec to 10 = MBytes/sec.

There=20 are 2 handshaking modes on the SCSI bus, used for transferring=20 data:
ASYNCHRONOUS and SYNCHRONOUS. ASYNCHRONOUS is a classic Req/Ack = handshake. SYNCHRONOUS is "sort of" Req/Ack, only it allows you to issue = multiple Req's before receiving Ack's. What this means in practice is = that=20 SYNCHRONOUS transfers are approx 3 times faster than = ASYNCHRONOUS.

SCSI-1=20 allowed asynchronous transfers at up to 1.5 Mbytes/Sec and synchronous = transfers=20 at up to 5.0 Mbytes/Sec.

SCSI-2 had some of the timing margins = "shaved"=20 in order that faster handshaking could occur. The result is that = asynchronous=20 transfers can run at up to 3.0 bytes/Sec and synchronous transfers at up = to 10.0=20 Mbytes/Sec. The term "FAST" is generally applied to a SCSI device which = can do=20 synchronous transfers at speeds in excess of 5.0 Mbytes/Sec. This term = can only=20 be applied to SCSI-2 devices since SCSI-1 didn't have the timing margins = that=20 allow for FAST transfers.

A 10 MHz transfer rate for SCSI came = out of a=20 joint effort with the IPI (Intelligent Peripheral Interface) committee = in ASC=20 X3T9.3. Fast SCSI achieves 10 Megabytes/second on the A-Cable and with = wider=20 data paths of 16- and 32-bits can rise to 20 Megabytes/second and even = 40=20 Megabytes/second. However, by the time the market starts demanding 40 = Megabytes=20 per second it is likely that the effort to serialize the physical = interface for=20 SCSI-3 will attract high-performance SCSI users to the Fiber = Channel.

A=20 word of caution. At this time the fast parameters cannot be met by the = Single=20 Ended electrical class, and is only suitable for Differential. One of = the goals=20 in SCSI-3 is to identify the improvements needed to achieve 10 MHz = operation=20 with Single Ended components.

FULL SCSI
A = SCSI=20 solution that includes BIOS and support software to provide boot = capability for=20 hard disk drives, support for drives larger than 1 B, and full = compatibility=20 with removable media products (hard drives, optical drives, tape drives, = and=20 Floptical drives).

G

GD-ROM

GD-ROM (Giga-Byte Disk) is a = CD=20 format developed by Yamaha. The GD-ROMs can save up to 1GB of
data = (in=20 contrast to the normal CD-ROMs which, depending on the data format used, = can=20 theoretically hold 90
minutes of information). This method presumably = works=20 on the principle that the individual pits are packed more closely than = is usual=20 with CD-ROMs. GD-ROMs are used by the games consoles developed by SEGA = called=20 DreamCast. The game console uses a 12x GD-ROM drive by = Yamaha.

The back=20 of a GD-ROM consists of 3 separate areas:

The inner area with = normal=20 write density which can record up to approx. 35MB (4
minutes) of = data. This=20 area can be read by a normal CD-ROM drive. This area consists
of two = tracks.=20 A data track Mode1 and an audio-track, which an audio CD player can = play. The=20 respective tracks must be at least 4s long. The outer area with a high = write=20 density which can record approx. 1GB (112 minutes) of data. This area = cannot be=20 read by a normal CD-ROM drive or CD burner. This area also consists of 2 = tracks.=20 This area
is written in so-called CAV-mode. Based on information = received,=20 the additional available memory space is also achieved by writing = information in=20 areas which are normally not used. Between the outer and the inner area = is a=20 blank, unwritten layer which serves as a border between the areas. This = area=20 contains the lettering:

Produced by or under license from sega=20 enterprises LTDs. Trademark SEGA

Green = Book

is a=20 standard and is also in CD-i .

H

High Sierra

High = Sierra is=20 the name of a conference hotel in Nevada and was the predecessor of ISO = 9660=20 before this became the ISO 9660 Standard with a few small=20 changes.

Hybrid CD

A hybrid CD contains = files for=20 various operating systems. In general speaking terms the term Hybrid-CD = refers=20 to a CD which can be used in Windows as well as Mac.=20



HOST
A microcomputer in which a host = adapter=20 is installed. The host uses software to request the services of the host = adapter=20 in transferring information to and from peripheral devices attached to = the SCSI=20 bus connector of the host adapter.

HOT = SPARE
RAID=20 storage feature that allows a spare drive to be configured on-line for = automatic=20 reconstruction in the event of a disk failure.

HOT=20 SWAP
A storage system's ability to allow the removal and = replacement=20 of a disk drive while users are on-line and accessing = data.

HOST=20 ADAPTER
A printed circuit board that installs in a standard=20 microcomputer and provides a SCSI bus connection so that SCSI devices = can be=20 connected to the microcomputer.

I

Index = positions

Within an=20 audio track index positions can be set. These index positions have the = effect=20 that certain points within a track can be jumped to with an audio CD = player.=20 Unfortunately only very few Audio CD players can jump to such index = positions .=20

Note that the index position is not the same thing as the track = limit.=20 Every audio CD palyer can change between the various tracks on a CD but = only=20 very few can read the index positions within a track and jump to=20 it.

index positions as a general rule can only be burned in DAO=20 mode.

Exceptions:

Very few CD Writer can write in TAO mode = index=20 positions , e.g. the TEAC CDR50S, CDR55S and all compatible = devices.
Apart=20 from that, the Philips CDD3610 / HP 7100 / HP 7200 and compatible = devices cannot=20 write any index positions (not in DAO mode=20 either).

ISO9660

The ISO9660 format is = the most=20 frequently used format to save files and directories on CD-ROM

In = the=20 Norm ISO9660 the construction of an ISO track has been defined, i.e. the = methods=20 to recording and naming the files on CD. With this, among other things, = it has=20 been defined how a file can be named within this file system. The = ISO-track can=20 be read in all popular operating systems. In the ISO, three different = levels=20 have been defined which each respectively effect additional=20 limitations.

Main definition:

All files names and = directory names=20 may only contain the following characters: "A"-"Z", "0"-"9" and the = "_".
The=20 number of characters including file extension may not be more than 30 = characters=20 long.
Directory names do not have a file extension.
The file name = or the=20 file extension may be empty but not both at the same time.
After the = name is=20 a version number.
A maximum of 8 levels are supported by=20 sub-directories.
The name of a file including the whole path = including a=20 partition sign (usually: \ in UNIX: /) may not exceed 255.

Thus = the file=20 name has the following format:

<file name>.<file=20 extension>;<Version number>

A directory name has got the = following format:

<file name>;<Version=20 number>

(Version number: 1-32767)

Level 1:=20

Limitations:

Every file has to be burned on the CD as a = coherent=20 unit. The files may not be fragmented. The length of the file/directory = name is=20 limited to 8 characters.

Level = 2:

Limitations:

Every file=20 has to be burned on the CD as a coherent unit. The files may not be=20 fragmented.

Level 3:

no further limitations.

The = current=20 Nero version does not support Level 3 as there is no visible=20 use.

ISRC

ISRC stands for International = Standard=20 Recording Code and was defined by the IFPI (International Federation of = the=20 Phonographic Industry). It is part of the sub channel information and = clearly=20 identifies each audio track.

IBM PC AT = COMPATIBLE

Any computer system that emulates exactly the IBM PC AT and that uses = an ISA=20 backplane bus.

INDUSTRY STANDARD = ARCHITECTURE

The IBM PC AT functions have been duplicated by a number of = manufacturers.=20 All the IBM PC AT compatible machines use a backplane bus that very = closely=20 emulates the function of the backplane bus of the PC AT. Because of the = broad=20 usage of this
bus structure, it has become known as the Industry = Standard=20 Architecture bus, even though there is no presently accepted standard = for the=20 bus.

I/O

Refers to an operations, program, or device whose purpose is to enter = data=20 into or to extract data from a computer.

IRQ

Interrupt Request Channel. The IRQ of a host adapter can be changed = to=20 several different settings by changing jumpers and/or
switch settings = on the=20 adapter board.

ISA

Industry Standard Architecture expansion bus. A type of computer bus = used in=20 most PC's. ISA enables expansion devices
like network cards, video = adapters=20 and modems to send data to and receive data from the PC's CPU and memory = 16 bits=20 at a
time. Expansion devices are plugged into sockets in the PC's=20 motherboard. ISA is sometimes called the AT Bus, because it was = originally=20 introduced with the IBM PC-AT in 1983.

J

Joliet

Joliet is a = file=20 system standardized by Microsoft which is based on ISO9660 and was = developed for=20 Windows 95. The Joliet-file system permits the use of file names up to = 63=20 characters long and uses the international Unicode character set. The = directory=20 path incl. file name may not be more than 120 characters long. The file = system=20 is only supported by Windows 95/NT systems at the moment. As Joliet also = records=20 the corresponding DOS file names, the files can also be read in DOS and = Windows=20 3.x.

K - Glossary contains no = items for=20 this letter

L

LVDS

LVDS is = nothing other=20 than a combination of Ultra SCSI with 80MB/s as well and the advantages = of=20 differential SCSI. With the old technology it would be necessary to = reduce the=20 length of the cable to maintain the performance which doesn't make any = sense due=20 to the seven devices which have to be at least 15 cm apart respectively. = With=20 this connection the cable length can be increased to 12m and at the same = time=20 increasing the data transfer.

A disadvantage which should be = mentioned=20 here is that on a LVDS controller hardly any passive drives (CDROM = etc...) can=20 provide their service without any problems. Usually you already have a=20 termination problem at this point. So here it is sensible to LVDS the = bus and=20 the 'normal' SCSI bus with 2 controllers disconnect.

M

MB =3D = Megabyte

Many people=20 assume that 1MB corresponds exactly with 1,000,000 Bytes. This is not = true. MB=20 is the abbreviation of Megabyte and does not stand for million bytes as = many=20 people assume: a Megabyte has got exactly 1024*1024=3D1048576 Bytes. = 1024 Bytes=20 are exactly 1KB (kilobyte).

For this reason there is often a=20 misunderstanding because on a supposed 680 MB CR-R you can usually only = save 650=20 MB:

650MB =3D 650 * 1024 * 1024 Bytes =3D 681.574.400 Bytes =3D = 680 Million=20 Bytes.

Unfortunately it is a popular marketing trick to write the = following on a blank:

74min/680MB instead of 74min/650MB which = would be=20 more correct

Mixed-Mode CD

On a Mixed = Mode CD the=20 data information comes as the first track followed by the audio tracks. = This is=20 why as a general rule the audio CD players can't do anything with the = first=20 track . The format CD-Extra, is more suitable because on CDs of this = kind the=20 data information comes after the audio=20 tracks.

MP3

MP3 is the abbreviation (file = extension!) for "MPEG Audio Layer 3". It is compressed audio data which = by using=20 a MP3-players on the computer. (MPEG =3D Motion Pictures Expert Group; = American=20 committee which determines standards f=FCr "digital full-motion = pictures"). Layer=20 3 was developed by the Fraunhofer Institute IIS and is limited to audio = data.=20

The attainable quality of the signal depends on the compression = rate=20 selected. 128kbps at 16bit, stereo is normal. When coded, the original = WAV files=20 is usually reduced to approx. one tenth to one twelfth of its original = size. The=20 coding means there is a certain loss of quality but the psycho-acoustic = model=20 developed by the Fraunhofer Institute only removes the sections of the = audio=20 file which are defined as being inaudible. It is only possible for = audible parts=20 of the audio file to be lost with a high degree of=20 compression.

Multimounter

The = Multimounter is a=20 program which is supplied with Nero . This program makes it possible to = access=20 sessions on a CD which were written earlier and all Windows programs = only see=20 the programs within the selected session.

You can select a = session as=20 follows:

1.In Windows Explorer use the right mouse button to = click on the=20 CD-ROM drive with the inserted CD.
2.In the menu which appears now, = the entry=20 properties .
3.In the dialog which appears now, the index card data = medium=20 .
4.In this dialog you can now determine the session which is to be = visible=20 for all programs.

Thus you have access to files you thought had = been=20 lost.

Multiread

Multiread is a standard = defined=20 by OSTA. A drive which is Multiread-capable can read Audio CDs, CD-ROM, = CD-R und=20 CD-RWs per definition. A drive which is not multiread-capable can = therefore not=20 read from rewritable CDs(CD-RWs).

MCA (Micro = Channel=20 Architecture)
IBM PS/2 (models 50-95) and compatible computers have a = MCA=20 computer bus inside. Can be driven by multiple independent bus master=20 processors.

MTBDL
Mean time before data loss. = The=20 average time before the failure of a RAID system component causes data = to be=20 lost or corrupted.

MULTIMEDIA PC (MPC)
A = computer=20 configured to easily store and retrieve large multimedia files. = Typically, this=20 configuration will include a high
capacity, high performance SCSI-2 = hard=20 drive, removable media, and advanced=20 audio.

MULTITASKING
The execution of commands = in such=20 a way that more than one command is in progress at the same=20 time.

MULTI-THREADING
A situation in which a = host=20 adapter has more than one outstanding command to two or more SCSI = devices.

N

NARROW SCSI DEVICE (as = opposed to=20 Wide SCSI device)

This is the term attributed to today's 8 bit standard SCSI devices. = This term=20 is necessary to distinguish today's 8-bit SCSI devices to 16-bit Wide = SCSI=20 devices.

O

OPC

OPC stands for Optimum Power Calibration, = which=20 determines the optimum laser power. See Power calibration area. If a CD = Writer=20 is running OPC , then this means that it can correct the laser power = during a=20 writing process (due to dust or a fingerprint)

Orange=20 Book

Orange Book is a standard defined by Sony and = Philips=20 (1990) regarding the writing techniques on magnetic optical drives (Part = I)=20 CD-WORM, CD-WO or CD-R (Part II). In Part II the structure of a = Multisession CD=20 was also defined. Part III was also included in 1995 and defines the = re-writable=20 CD, the CD-RW.

Over burning

Please read the Nero Help on = this (in=20 information) and in Nero says that my burner cannot over = burn.

P

PCA

Abbre= viation=20 for Power Calibration Area. See Power calibration=20 area.

PCM

PCM is the primary standard for = digitalization of audio/speech. PCM stands for Pulse Code Modulation and = is a=20 digital coding of analog signals.

Photo = CD

For=20 Photo CD is a format developed by Kodak based on the CD-ROM XA and the = Orange=20 Book is based on Hybrid disk specification to save picture files = (graphics /=20 photos). Playing them is only possible with special devices or special = software.=20 A Photo CD is a Bridge Disc at the same time so that it can be read on a = Photo=20 CD player, a CD-i-player and a CD-ROM/XA drive. Photo CDs can be = recognized by=20 the directories CDI and PHOTO_CD they contain. The pictures are saved in = different resolutions in the YCC color model. The picture files have the = ending=20 .PCD.

There are different types of Photo CDs:

Photo CD = Master Disc=20 (the original)
Pro Photo CD Master Disc
Photo CD Portfolio Disc=20
Photo CD Catalog Disc
Print Photo CD

Nero does not = support=20 writing this format as Kodak demands licensing fees to be able to use = this=20 format.

PMA

PMA is the abbreviation for = Program=20 Memory Area.

On a writable CD, this is the area which = temporarily=20 contains the contents of the TOC (Table Of Contents) until a session has = been=20 completely written but not yet closed. If the session is closed, the = same=20 information can be found in the Lead-In.

Pre-Emphasis=20 Flag

For audio tracks there is a Pre-Emphasis Flag. This = corresponds to an emphasis of the highs in the digital recording, = because=20 irritating noises can be heard particularly well with higher tones. The=20 Pre-Emphasis has the effect of raising the higher frequencies as of 3.5 = kHz by 6=20 dB per octave when recording CDs. These highs must then be decreased by = the same=20 amount with De-Emphasis when being replayed as it otherwise sounds too=20 clear.

Hardly any Audio CD players read this Pre-Emphasis Flag, which is in = the=20 subcode of the CD.

The Emphasis Info is lost on audio grabbing as = it is=20 only in the subcode of the CD and therefore cannot be found in the saved = WAV=20 file.

Pre-gap

Also called a pause. This = is the=20 area on a CD which separates two tracks from each other. In Nero as = standard to=20 2s (red-book standard)

Pregroove

This is = the=20 invisible spiral-shaped guide track on a blank which the burner uses for = orientation when writing. This track also contains the ATIP (Absolute = Time in=20 the Pregroove), which is current information based on which a burner can = determine the absolute position.

PARITY

A form of data redundancy used by RAID levels 2, 3, 4 and 5 to = recreate the=20 data of a failed drive in a disk array.

PARITY PASS=20 THROUGH

For data integrity an extra bit is=20 available


PERIPHERAL

A SCSI device installed on a computer = system.

PIO=20 (Programmed Input/Output)

A method of data transfer in which the host microprocessor transfers = data to=20 and from memory via the computer's I/O ports.
PIO enables very fast = data=20 transfer rates, especially in single-tasking operating systems like=20 DOS.

PLUG AND PLAY (or PLUG & PLAY)

A standard, pioneered by Microsoft and endorsed by industry leaders. = This=20 standard hopes to address the problems of adding
I/O adapters to a PC = computer system. Adapters designed to the Plug and Play standard will = self=20 configure, and automatically
resolve system resources such as = interrupts=20 (IRQ), DMA, port addresses, and BIOS addresses.

PORT I/O=20 ADDRESS

A window through which software programs communicate commands to an = installed=20 host adapter board. The commands are
communicated 8 bits at a=20 time.

PROGRAMMED INPUT/OUTPUT

A method of data transfer in which the host microprocessor transfers = data to=20 and from memory via the computer's I/O ports.
PIO enables very fast = data=20 transfer rates, especially in single-tasking operating systems like=20 DOS.

PROM

An acronym for Programmable Read Only Memory. This is a version of a = ROM that=20 is programmable.

Q - Glossary contains no items for this=20 letter

R

Red=20 Book

Red-Book is the first defined standard for a CD and = defines=20 the format of an audio CD. CDs of this kind are D-DA (Digital Audio). = This=20 format makes it possible to save up to 74 minutes of uncompressed = digital audio=20 data at a fixed frequency of 44.1 kHz Sampling at 16 Bit and stereo = channel. An=20 audio CD consists of several audio tracks, whereby, as a general rule, a = track=20 corresponds to a song. Every track is divided into sectors/blocks which = have a=20 fixed length of 2352 Bytes. A Sector is addressed with = minute:second:Sector. To=20 also be able to read scratched or dirty CDs, a procedure for error = correction=20 was also set out. This error correction uses CIRC=20 (Cross-Interleaved-Reed-Solomon-Code). In this the data is collected = into blocks=20 and a check sum is made up of each line and column. If an error occurs, = then=20 based on the incorrect horizontal and vertical checksum the error can be = located=20 and corrected.

Red Book Plus

This = standard=20 contains extensions of the Red Book standards, such as Mixed Mode CD and = CD-Extra.

Rock Ridge

Rock Ridge = Interchange=20 Protocol (RRIP)

The term Rock Ridge is also known as "Rock Ridge = CD=20 Extension". This is a special extension of ISO 9660 and uses some = undefined=20 fields of ISO 9660 standards. In doing so, in addition long file names = with up o=20 256 bytes length, symbolic links and access rights are administered on = the CD.=20 The Rock Ridge Extension was defined especially for operating systems = such as=20 UNIX.

REDUNDANT

A duplicate disk or component that provides a recovery path in case = of a=20 failure.

REMOVABILITY

A feature where the media in a removable media disk drive can be = removed,=20 then replaced with the same or different media without causing problems = to the=20 operating system. If removability was not supported, media in a = removable media=20 drive could not be removed without potential loss for data unless the = computer=20 was turned off.

RISC

A specialized processor that has been designed to handle a smaller = set of=20 instructions for increased performance.

ROM

An acronym for Read Only Memory. This is generally a chip on a = computer or=20 I/O card with software programmed inside of it that controls some = function or=20 functions.

S


Scrambled
This=20 field exists when burning images which exist in an unknown format. =

For=20 old CD Writer by Philips the data bytes have to be handled explicitly or = must be=20 adapted so that the CD Writer writes the data correctly. If it is an = image which=20 has been created particularly for the old CD Writer by Philips, then = this option=20 has to be set. However this is practically never the = case.

SCAM=20 (SCSI Configures Auto Magically)

This is also known as Plug and Play for SCSI. Using this = specification, the=20 SCSI host adapter is able to automatically select the SCSI ID of itself = and=20 attached SCSI devices. It can also enable/disable termination as = required to=20 properly terminate the SCSI bus. This is an attempt to make SCSI easier = to use,=20 since the user no longer has to worry about setting SCSI ID jumpers = or
SCSI=20 bus termination.

SCSI (Small Computer Systems=20 Interface)
A PC bus interface standard that defines standard physical = and=20 electrical connections for devices. SCSI provides a = standard
interface that=20 enables many different kinds of devices, such as disk drives, magneto = optical=20 disks, CD-ROM drives, and tape
drives to interface with the host=20 computer.

SCSI cabling

Here possible = errors in=20 the SCSI cabling are shown:

First of all the special case of the = TEAC=20 CDR55S. In the case of this device, the termination is turned on when = the jumper=20 is pulled. Presumably there are further devices which demonstrate this = type of=20 termination .

An SCSI cabling with errors often has a variety of = effects:=20 Unexplained computer crashes, devices are not recognized, EDC/ECC/CRC = errors=20 when copying, after connecting external devices, internal devices are no = longer=20 recognized, etc...

In the majority of cases, one of the = following=20 reasons explains it:

Wrong termination
ID overlap
bad = cable (for=20 external devices)
Wrong cabling (T cabling)
Parity check =

In the=20 cabling and termination attention must be paid to the following: =

1.the=20 first plug of the internal cable is attached to the connector of the=20 controller.
2.the last plug of the SCSI cable, the last device is = plugged in=20 independently of whether plugs between the beginning and the end are = free and=20 what the ID of this last device is.
3.then termination of the SCSI = controller=20 is deactivated when external devices are connected; if no external = devices are=20 connected, then the termination of the SCSI of the controller has to = activated.=20 In numerous SCSI host adapters this happens
automatically.
4.The=20 SCSI-committee recommends not bending cables which are too long. The = distance=20 between the folded layers of cable should be three times the distance = mass=20 signal mass in the cable. For the same reason, flat ribbon cable should = not be=20 pressed against metallic surfaces, i.e. keep a distance.(Layers of = ribbon should=20 not be pressed together and not press against the system case.)
5.The = distance between 2 devices must be at least 10cm.
6.The distance = between the=20 host adapter and the first internal SCSI-device must not be more than = 40cm,=20 between all further internal SCSI-devices must not be more than 30 = cm.
7.A=20 T-branch (also called Y-branch or star topology) is not permitted. The = SCSI-bus=20 consists of a cord with exactly two ends. This is also the reason why on = Wide=20 SCSI controllers not all connections can be used at the same = time.

i.e.:=20 In the case of an Ultra-Wide host adapter with 3 outputs (2x internal, = 1x=20 external), devices can only be attached to 2 outputs, one output must = always=20 remain unoccupied. The following connection variants are = allowed:

- the=20 internal 50 pin and the internal 68 pin are occupied, the external 68 pi = must=20 remain unoccupied.

- the internal 50 pin and the external 68 pin = are=20 occupied, the internal 68 pin must remain unoccupied.

- the = internal 68=20 pin and the external 68 pin are occupied, the internal 50 pin must = remain=20 free

For all SCSI-cabling it must be noted that the SCSI-devices = must be=20 connected directly to the SCSI-cable. An extension on one of the = plug-points in=20 the middle of the cable using an additional cable is not=20 allowed.

8.Numerous SCSI Devices provide an automatic termination = . These=20 often don't work correctly and therefore the termination should = explicitly be=20 set (particularly affected by this: JAZ drives)

9.Cable length: = Maximum=20 overall length. The internal and external cables together must not = exceed the=20 maximum overall length given:

-SCSI Standard : max.=20 length

-SCSI 1 : 6m

-FAST SCSI:=20 3m

-WIDE SCSI: 3m

-ULTRA SCSI: 1.5m = (with a=20 max. of 3 devices: 3m)

-ULTRA WIDE SCSI: 1.5m (with a = max. of 3=20 devices: 3m)

-U2W SCSI: 12m


10.The = termination=20 becomes problematic during mixed operation of Wide SCSI and 8 Bit SCSI = (Narrow=20 SCSI on a bus. In this case at the transition from 16 Bit to 8 bit, the = wide=20 part of the bus has to be finished with a special terminator (difficult = to get=20 hold of), while the other part is not terminated until the end of the = then 8 Bit=20 bus. Example:

(=3D=3D=3D: Wide SCSI, ---: Narrow SCSI, !=3D resp. = terminator)

!Wide Host adapter =3D=3D=3D=3D Wide HDD =3D=3D=3D=3D = Wide HDD! ----=20 CDROM!

^Wide Terminator spec. Terminator^ ^ Narrow = Term.

11.At=20 least one device on the SCSI-bus must have for the correct termination = the=20 necessary power supply (Termination Power, abbr. TERMPWR) of 5V. As a = general=20 rule, the host adapter provides this, for long lengths of cable the = device=20 connected furthest away from the host adapter should also provide = TERMPWR as=20 losses in the cable are possible in this case.

TERMPWR can usually be activated via a jumper on the device so that=20 preferably the SCSI device should be connected at the end of the = SCSI-bus which=20 has an active termination available and can provide TERMPWR, a hard disk = is most=20 suitable for this (taken from: http://www.daw= icontrol.com/german/html/frameg.htm=20 )

ID overlap:

Each device gets a unique ID from the = SCSI-bus=20 which is between 0 and 7 (0 - 15 for wide-SCSI). The higher the ID, the = higher=20 the priority. The SCSI controller should always get the highest ID, i.e. = 7 or 15=20 in the case of wide SCSI.

Parity check:

Apart from that, a = parity=20 check can be done on the bus, so actually 9 (18) Bits are transferred in = parallel. The parity check is either activated or deactivated for all = devices.=20 It has to be entered the same for all devices.

A bad (external) = cable=20 becomes apparent for external devices as follows:

-after connecting an external CD-ROM drive, the last internal device = is no=20 longer recognized

-an externally connected CD Writer although it burned data on the CD, = the CD=20 was not correct, i.e. with numerous CRC errors.

-the system gets hung up during booting

-the system crashes at irregular intervals

More detailed = information=20 on how 8-Bit or 16-Bit devices can be connected to Adaptec Wide = SCSI
host=20 adapters can be found in the following: http:/= /www.adaptec.com/support/configuration/connect.html=20

SCSI1HLP.VXD

The file SCSI1HLP.VXD can = be found=20 in the Windows\System\IOSUBSYS directory and causes problems on many=20 systems.

The driver inspects I/O enquiries which concern the = CD-ROM=20 drives and compares these with the enquiries which the CD-ROM addressed = can=20 understand and if necessary modifies the command (on this, there is a = list of=20 drive models or drive vendors in the SCSI1HLP.VXD file). In some cases=20 SCSI1HLP.VXD enforces the SCSI 1 protocol.

SCSI1HLP.VXD is an = additional=20 help to the ATAPI drives. This file is needed in particular to be able = the play=20 Video CDs from IDE devices. We do not know whether this applies to all = IDE=20 devices.

The file SCSI1HLP.VXD often causes problems if the = EasyCD /=20 DirectCD driver CDR4VSD.VXD is in the Windows\System\IOSUBSYS directory. = The=20 problems appear as of EasyCD Version 3.01b. CDR4VSD.VXD Versions of this = file do=20 not cause these problems.

On most systems it is possible to = remove the=20 SCSI1HLP.VXD file or to deactivate it by renaming the file extension to=20 .VX_.

In some cases Windows 95/98 reinstalls this driver if it = assumes=20 that the driver is necessary. Often it is assumes that Nero installs = this=20 driver. This is incorrect.

Sector

Sector = is=20 another word for the more familiar term Block. Please look under Block=20 .

Simulation

The simulation corresponds = to the=20 burning process but the difference is that nothing is written. That = means it can=20 be used to check if the data to be burned is being sent to the CD Writer = quickly=20 enough without a buffer under run occurring. Apart from that, it can be = used to=20 check if the burner can write the CD at all. A simulation should be = carried out=20 if you are not sure if the system supplies the data fast enough. Once = you have=20 burned a few CDs successfully, then you can turn off the simulation = without any=20 problems.

Sub-channel

The data on the CD = is=20 either stored in the main channel or the sub-channels.

The eight = bits of=20 a Frame-control byte are called P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W. The data flow = of all=20 P or Q bits of a sector is called the P or Q sub channel. The so-called=20 R-Thru-W-Channel unites all the other sub channels.

The sub = channels=20 each transport control signals or additional information at nearly a = kilobyte=20 per second.

The P sub channel shows which sections of a track = (referring=20 to frames) music and other data can be found in, i.e. marks among other = things=20 the start of the track on a audio CD. The Q sub channel serves in the = Lead-In=20 area of a CD to save its table of contents (TOC) and for CD-DA disc to = give the=20 relative time within a track, the absolute time on the CD, information = on=20 Copyright protection, Pre-Emphasis, Barcode and ISRC = information.

The sub=20 channels R to W can be used to store additional data apart from the = actual=20 useable data of the frames. These sub channels can only be addressed in = audio=20 tracks and on audio CDs contain e.g. graphics or MIDI information (CD+G, = CD +=20 MIDI ).

Swapped

This option appears when = burning=20 images which are present in an unknown format. If this option is set, = then the=20 Lo and High-Byte are interchanged.

Sync data=20 transfer

The option Sync data transfer can be found in = the=20 respective devices in Start->Settings->Control Panel->Device = Manager.=20 This option should always be deactivated!

The Sync data transfer = actually=20 accelerates access to the devices as the bandwidth of the SCSI-bus is = thus=20 increased. An acceleration however only becomes noticeable if devices = are=20 attached which have a data throughput of more than 4-5 MB. Unfortunately = only a=20 few devices can handle the Sync data transfer . Some modern CD-ROM = drives will=20 probably work correctly if the option is activated. We do not know if = there are=20 CD Writer which make use of this data transfer. This can only be = ascertained by=20 testing.

SCSI DEVICE

A device such as a host adapter board, fixed disk drive or CD-ROM = drive that=20 conforms to the SCSI interface standard and
is attached to a SCSI bus = cable.=20 The device may be an initiator, a target, or capable of both types of=20 operation.

SCSI RESOURCES

The SCSI specification is available from:

Global Engineering=20 Documents
15 Inverness Way East
Englewood Co 80112-5704
(800)=20 854-7179

SCSI-1: X3.131-1986
SCSI-2: X3.131-199x
SCSI-3:=20 X3T9.2/91-010R4 Working Draft

Global Engineering Documentation in = Irvine,=20 CA (714) 261-1455

SCSI-1: Doc # X3.131-1986 = from:

ANSI
1430=20 Broadway
NY, NY 10018

IN-DEPTH EXPLORATION OF SCSI can be = obtained=20 from:

Solution Technology
Attn: SCSI Publications
POB=20 104
Boulder Creek, CA 95006
(408) 338-4285
(408) 338-4374=20 FAX

THE SCSI ENCYLOPEDIA and the SCSI BENCH REFERENCE
can be = obtained=20 from:

ENDL Publishing
14426 Black Walnut Ct.
Saratoga, CA=20 95090
(408) 867-6642
(408) 867-2115 FAX

SCSI: UNDERSTANDING = THE=20 SMALL COMPUTER SYSTEM
INTERFACE was published by Prentice-Hall, ISBN=20 0-13-796855-8

SCSI OVERHEAD

This is the time it takes for the host adapter to internally process = a SCSI=20 command. Adaptec RISC based host adapters have the advantage of = extremely low=20 SCSI overhead, which greatly increases overall system=20 performance.

SINGLE-ENDED SCSI (normal = SCSI):

For each signal that needs to be sent across the bus, there exists a = wire to=20 carry it.

SYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER

A method of SCSI data transfer. With this type of data transfer, the = SCSI=20 host adapter and the SCSI device agree to a transfer
rate that both = support=20 (this is known as synchronous negotiation) With this type of data = transfer=20 method, transfer rates of 5
MBytes/sec or 10 MBytes/sec (for FAST = SCSI) are=20 common.

Is SYNCHRONOUS faster than ASYNCHRONOUS?
Asynchronous = is=20 faster on short cables, while synchronous is faster on long cables. The = reason=20 has to do with the propagation
delay of the cable; the turn around = time of=20 the silicon; and the interlocked nature of the asynchronous = handshake.

1)=20 We have measured propagation delays from various cables and found an = average of=20 1.7 nanoseconds per foot, which is roughly 5.25 ns per meter.

2) = The=20 turn-around time is the amount of time the SCSI chip takes to change an = output=20 in response to an input. If REQ is an input then ACK is an output. Or if = ACK is=20 an input then REQ is an output. Typical turn-around time for the 53C90 = is=20 40
nanoseconds.

3) The asynchronous transfer uses an = interlocked=20 handshake where a device cannot do the next thing until it receives=20 positive
acknowledgment that the other device received the last=20 thing.

First REQ goes true (driven by Target), then ACK is = permitted to=20 go true (driven by Initiator), then REQ is permitted to go false, then = ACK is=20 permitted to go false.

Thus we have four "edges" propagating down = the=20 cable plus 4 turn-around delays. Asynchronous transfer requires 55 ns=20 setup
and no hold time (paragraph in 5.1.5.1 in SCSI-1 or SCSI-2) = which gives=20 an upper speed limit around 18 MB/s. A detailed analysis shows that the = setup=20 time subtracts out. This is mostly because we are running at one-third = the max=20 rate, but also because setup for the next byte can begin anytime after = ACK is=20 received true or REQ is received false, depending on who is receiving. = You can=20 either take my word for it or draw the waveforms yourself. Thus, the=20 asynchronous transfer reduces to:

(4 * 1.7 * 1) + (4 * 40ns) =3D = 167 ns =3D 6=20 MB/s (1 foot cable)

(4 * 5.25 * 6) + (4 * 40ns) =3D 286 ns =3D = 3.5 MB/s (6=20 meter cable)

(4 * 5.25 * 25) + (4 * 40ns) =3D 685 ns =3D 1.5 MB/s = (25 meter=20 cable)

Note: cables longer than 6 meters require external = differential=20 transceivers which add delay and degrade the performance even
more = than=20 indicated here.

Our simulations say that under very best = conditions (fast=20 silicon, low temperature, high voltage, and zero length cable) we can = expect=20 more than 8 MB/s asynchronously. In the lab, I routinely measure 5 MB/s = on=20 8-foot cables. So, if you were writing the data manual for this, how = would YOU=20 spec it?

The framers of the SCSI spec threw in synchronous mode = to boost=20 the performance on long cables. In synchronous mode, the
sending = device is=20 permitted to send the next byte without receiving acknowledgment that = the=20 receiver actually received the last byte. Kind of a ship and pray = method. The=20 acknowledgment is required to come back sometime, but we just don't have = to=20 wait
for it (hand wave the offset stuff and the ending boundary = conditions).=20 In this mode any external transceivers add a time shift, but not a = delay. So if=20 you negotiate for 5 MB/s, you get 5MB/s regardless how long the cable is = and=20 regardless whether you are single-ended or differential. But you can't = go faster=20 than 5.5 MB/s, except in SCSI-2.

Synchronous mode does have a = hold time=20 (unlike asynch) but again, setup and hold times subtract out. In SCSI-1=20 synchronous
mode, the speed limit comes from the combined ASSERTION = PERIOD +=20 NEGATION PERIOD which is 90ns + 90ns =3D 180ns =3D 5.5 MB/s. Our 53C90 = family=20 doesn't quite hit the max, but we do guarantee 5.0 MB/s. In SCSI-2, = anything=20 above 5.0 MB/s is considered to be FAST. Here the maximum transfer rate = is=20 explicitly limited to 100 ns or 10MB/s; you don't have to read between = the lines=20 to deduce it.

Interesting tid-bit: given a SCSI-2 FAST period of = 100 ns=20 and a cable delay of 131 ns on a 25-meter cable, you can = actually
stack 1.31=20 bytes in the 8-bit cable. In FAST and WIDE SCSI you can stack 5.24 bytes = in this=20 copper FIFO.

T

TEMP=20 Variable

When installing Nero and at times also while = working in=20 Nero files, they are sometimes saved in the Windows-Temp directory. It = can lead=20 to problems if the variable points to a non-existent directory or if the = drive=20 which the temporary directory is in does not have enough free memory = space.=20

The value of the TEMP variable can be determined as = follows:

In=20 Windows 95/98:

Please click on Start->execute and enter the = following=20 text:

command /k set

Now confirm the entry with a click = on OK. In=20 the DOS window which now appears, the values respective to the = environmental=20 variables are shown. The value after TEMP=3D represent the path to the=20 Windows-Temp directory. Please now enter

exit

and confirm = the=20 entry by pressing the return key.

In Windows NT:

Please = click on=20 Start->Settings->Control Panel->System->Environment. Under = user=20 variables the variable TEMP points to the Windows TEMP = directory.

If the=20 directory given in the TEMP Variable does not exist, then please create = it. If=20 the TEMP Variable has to be reset as the value is wrong:

In = Windows 95=20

Please open the file C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT with a text editor and = correct the=20 line starting with TEMP=3D or add a new line which starts with TEMP=3D = and as a=20 value should correspond with your TEMP directory.

In Windows=20 NT:

In the dialog opened above in Windows NT, the TEMP Variable = can be=20 set.

TERMINATION

A physical requirement of the SCSI bus. The first and last devices on = the=20 SCSI bus must have terminating resistors installed, and the devices in = the=20 middle of the bus must have terminating resistors removed.

The = Single=20 Ended electrical class depends on very tight termination tolerances, but = the=20 passive 132-ohm termination defined in 1986 is mismatched with the cable = impedance (typically below 100 ohms). Although not a problem at low = speeds when=20 only a few devices are connected, reflections can cause errors when = transfer=20 rates increase and/or more devices are added. In SCSI-2, an active = terminator=20 has been defined which lowers termination to 110 ohms and is a major = boost to=20 system integrity.

TOC ( Table Of=20 Contents)

Contains lists of files and addresses of a CD or = session.=20 Comparable with the FAT for HDs. It is at the beginning of a CD and = contains all=20 the information on the way the CD is put together. Included in this are = the=20 start addresses and lengths of all tracks, the total length of the data = area as=20 well as information on the individual sessions.

The TOC is saved = in the=20 Lead-In area, to be precise in the Q=20 sub-channels.

Track

A track is made up of = at=20 least 300 sectors and represents a piece of music on a CD-DA . A maximum = of 99=20 tracks can be put on a CD, whereby a complete CD can also be taken up by = a=20 single track .

U

ULTRASCSI

A method that enables very fast data transfer rate on the SCSI bus. = The=20 maximum UltraSCSI data transfer rates are 20
MBytes/second (40 = MBytes/second=20 for Wide SCSI host adapters).

V

Video CD
A video CD contains MPEG full-motion = video=20 sequences. The standard for the creation of video CDs was set out in = 1993 By=20 Philips and JVC in the White Book. In this, the first track on the one = hand the=20 CD-i-playback program for the video-CD and on the other hand the = directories=20 CDI, MPEGAV and VCD based on the ISO 9660 file system. The following = tracks in=20 the format CD-ROM/XA-Mode 2/Form 2-sectors contain the audio/video = sequences=20 listed in MPEGAV and coded in MPEG.

Video CDs can be played by CD-i players, special video CD players or = on the=20 computer on CD-ROM drives with CD-Rom/XA-support and an MPEG decoder = (Standard=20 with Windows 98) or their own VideoCD software.

VESA (Video Electronics Standards = Association)
This=20 association is responsible for setting standards in all areas of = graphics and=20 video technology.

VDS (Virtual DMA Services)
This is a software = standard=20 developed by Microsoft so that busmaster host adapters could work = efficiently=20 under DOS protected mode and virtual 86 mode programs. Such programs = that use=20 the protected mode of the processor include MS Windows, Quarterdeck QEMM = and=20 Qualitas 386MAX. The VDS support is either provided in the DOS device = driver=20 (such as in ASPI4DOS.SYS) or by the host adapter=20 BIOS.

VL-BUS
A specification for a local bus=20 developed by the VESA local bus committee.

Volume=20 Descriptor
The Volume Descriptor is written for every = CD-ROM-track=20 . It contains information on the date of creation, the author, the title = and=20 some other information. The VolumeDescriptor is of particular importance = for=20 special applications such as VideoCD,
PhotoCD and CD-I . The = application=20 which has to be started to read the enclosed data is defined on these = CDs.

The current Nero version does not yet support decoding audio data = which=20 exists in VQF-format.

VQF
VQF or TwinVQ is a process developed by NTT = Human=20 Interface Laboratories (http://www.hil.ntt.co.jp/top/index_e.html) to = compress=20 audio information and is a competitive development to MP3. Yamaha calls = this=20 process SoundVG and distributes a player free of charge. If you compare = VQF and=20 MP3 then the VQF-files are smaller with comparable quality. Decoding = requires a=20 higher CPU load than that of MP3.

W

WAVE
The WAVE Data format was developed by = Microsoft and=20 IBM and part of the RIFF (Resource InterchangeFile Format) for Windows = 3.1. Due=20 to the wide distribution of Windows the WAVE format is just as widely=20 distributed. A WAVE file consists of a format chunk and a data chunk. =

In addition, cue chunks and playlist chunks can be integrated into a = WAVE=20 file.

Format chunk: The format chunk describes the format of the sample = blocks, the=20 number of channels, the sample rate and the block design in the data = chunk. Data=20 chunk: The data chunk contains the sample blocks. Each sample Block = contains=20 audio data in the format given in the format chunk.

The additional use of cue chunks and playlist chunks makes it = possible to=20 define areas which can be skipped or can be played more often. In the = WAVE=20 format, coded audio data PCM is usually stored, however =B5-law, A-law = and ADPCM=20 coded data can also be stored. The current Nero version, however only=20 understands the PCM coded audiodata.

White-Book
White-Book is a standard and is more = likely to=20 be called Video CD .

WARM-SWAP
The ability to remove and replace a = disk drive=20 while the power is on. All bus activity must be paused to maintain data=20 integrity
during removal or replacement. 

WIDE SCSI
Provides for performance and = compatibility=20 enhancements to SCSI-1 by adding a 16- or 32- bit data path. Combined = with Fast=20 SCSI, this can result of SCSI bus data transfer rates of 20 MBytes/sec = (with a=20 16-bit bus) or 40 MBytes/sec (with a 32-bit bus).

SCSI may now transfer data at bus widths of 16 and 32 bits. Commands, = status,=20 messages and arbitration are still 8 bits, and
the B-Cable has 68 = pins for=20 data bits. Cabling was a confusing issue in the closing days of SCSI-2, = because=20 the first project of
SCSI-3 was the definition of a 16-bit wide = P-Cable which=20 supported 16-bit arbitration as well as 16-bit data = transfers.
Although=20 SCSI-2 does not contain a definition of the P-Cable, it is quite = possible that=20 within the year, the P-Cable will be most
popular non-SCSI-2 feature = on=20 SCSI-2 products. The market responds to what it wants, not the the = arbitrary=20 cutoffs of  standards committees.

X - No glossary items start = with this=20 letter.

Y

Yellow Book
Is the CD-Standard to save computer = data on a=20 CD-ROM. As data for computers should not contain any errors, additional = error=20 correction data is saved as well. In Mode 1 additional error recognition = and=20 error correction information is saved as well. In Mode 2 information of = this=20 kind is not saved and thus only suitable for less error susceptible = information,=20 such as, e.g. the video files on video CDs.

Z - No glossary items start with this = letter

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