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Comparing the Windows 98 and the = Windows NT=20 registries

Mar 19, 2001 =
Brien M.=20 Posey MCSE



As you no = doubt already=20 know, both Windows 98 and Windows NT rely heavily on a massive database = called=20 the Windows Registry. At first glance, it would seem that both = Registries are=20 identical. However, critical differences exist between these two = Registries. In=20 this article, I=92ll examine those differences and highlight the = Registries=92=20 similarities as well.

Before we=20 begin
Before I get started, it=92s important to point out that = editing=20 the Registry is dangerous. All those stories you=92ve heard about = destroying=20 Windows and your programs if you make a mistake are true. = If you=20 decide to edit your registry, you should make sure that you have a good = backup=20 first.

The second thing that I need to explain is that almost = every=20 computer=92s registry is different. Every time you add hardware or = software, or=20 change a Control Panel option, the Registry changes. However, while = every=20 registry is different, there are still certain elements that all = registries have=20 in common. It=92s those common factors that I=92ll be focusing on in = this=20 article.

Space doesn=92t permit me to discuss each common = registry key.=20 Doing so would produce a very large book. Rather, my goal is to provide = you with=20 enough information that you understand the biggest similarities and = differences=20 in the Windows 98 and Windows NT Registries.
If you found this = article=20 helpful, check out TechRepublic's TechProGuild subscription resource, = which=20 offers in-depth technical articles covering a variety of IT topics, = including=20 Windows server and client platforms, Linux, troubleshooting issues, data = networking challenges, NetWare, and more. With a TechProGuild account, = you can=20 also read the complete text of popular IT industry books online. Sign up = now for=20 a FREE 30-day TechProGuild trial.

The = Registry=20 Editors: Regedit and Regedt32
The primary tool for making = manual=20 registry changes is the Registry Editor. Because of the Registry = Editor=92s=20 destructive capability, Microsoft didn=92t create an icon for it within = Windows.=20 Therefore, you must either create your own icon or run the Registry = Editor from=20 the command prompt. If you=92re running Windows NT, you should make sure = that=20 you=92re logged in as the Administrator before trying to use the = Registry Editor.=20 If you=92re logged in with an account other than the Administrator, = certain=20 portions of the Registry may be invisible or = inaccessible.

Windows NT=20 version 4.0 actually has two different Registry Editors. Regedt32 mimics = the=20 Registry Editor found in previous versions of Windows NT. It displays = each main=20 section of the Registry in a different window.

The other Registry = Editor=20 is identical to the one used in Windows 98. You can access this Registry = Editor=20 in both versions of Windows by using the Regedit command. Although this = is the=20 only version of the Registry Editor that=92s available in Windows 98, = it=92s the=20 preferred version in Windows NT. That=92s because it contains some handy = search=20 tools that aren=92t found in Regedt32.

Viewing keys in=20 Regedit
In Regedit, the Registry is displayed as primary = registry keys=20 beneath My Computer. Each of these primary keys has a plus sign beside = it that=20 you can click to expand the key. Any time that you see a plus sign, you = can=20 further expand the Registry. When you reach the deepest key in a given = path, you=20 can click on the key to see the key=92s values.

In Windows 98, = there are=20 six keys. In Windows NT, the sixth key, the HKEY_DYN_DATA section, is = virtually=20 nonexistent. In fact, it doesn=92t exist in the Regedt32 program, and = although it=20 is visible in the Regedit program, it=92s inaccessible.

Each = key=92s value is=20 made up of a name and the value=92s data. Any time you need to make a = change to an=20 existing value, simply right-click it. Doing so brings up a context menu = that=20 lets you modify or delete a value. Modifying a value allows you to edit = only the=20 data portion of the value.

To create a new key or value, navigate = to the=20 desired location and select the New command from the Edit menu. Creating = a new=20 key works exactly like creating a new folder under Windows Explorer. = However,=20 you can create three different types of values: String, Binary, and=20 DWORD.

Two other features of the Registry Editor deserve mention. = First,=20 the Registry Editor has the ability to edit a remote computer=92s = registry via the=20 Connect Network Registry command on the Registry menu. Second, the Find = and Find=20 Next commands on the Edit menu allow you to locate specific keys and = values=20 throughout the Registry. You can even search for a partial word or = value. As you=20 become more comfortable with editing the Registry, you=92ll use the Find = feature a=20 lot, since the Registry tends to be very large and can potentially = contain=20 multiple instances of a given value.

The Registry structure
Each registry key is = responsible=20 for controlling a different portion of Windows. In the sections that = follow,=20 I=92ll explain the function of each key.

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT
The HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT = section works=20 similarly under both versions of Windows. Its primary purpose is the=20 registration of file extensions. For example, the Windows Write program=20 registers the .wri file extension here. If you look under the WRI key, = you=92ll=20 observe that it has a default value of WRIFILE.

Locate the = WRIFILE entry,=20 which is also located in the HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT section of the Registry. = There=20 are multiple entries below this key. The CLSID entry contains a = reference number=20 associated with the Windows Write program. The Default Icon entry = contains the=20 actual location of the program=92s executable file.

The WRIFILE = key also=20 contains a Shell subkey, which has subkeys beneath it. These subkeys = have names=20 such as Open, Print, and Printto. Each of these subkeys has a command = subkey=20 beneath it. The command subkeys control the behavior of some of the=20 corresponding program=92s context menu options. For example, if you = right-click a=20 file that has the .wri extension, the resulting context menu will = contain=20 commands that correspond to the keys found in this section of the = Registry.=20 Figure A shows how the WRI key looks in Regedit under=20 HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.

Figure A
The WRI key in HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT shows the = structure of=20 registry entries.


I = mentioned earlier=20 that one of the subkeys was the CLSID key, which contains the = program=92s=20 reference number. Any program=92s reference number also corresponds to = another=20 registry entry under HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT | CLSID. This entry establishes = another=20 point of reference to the program=92s physical location.

HKEY_CURRENT_USER
The HKEY_CURRENT_USER key = contains=20 the options available to the user who=92s currently logged in. Although = the=20 Windows 95 and Windows 98 Registries contain a key with an identical = name, the=20 HKEY_CURRENT_USER key does much more in Windows NT than in Windows 98. = For=20 example, in Windows 98, this registry key holds the recently opened = documents=20 list and the keyboard layout settings. In Windows NT, however, this = registry key=20 is directly linked to the user=92s security profile. This isn=92t the = case in=20 Windows 98 unless you have profiles enabled. Even so, the Windows NT=20 implementation is more extensive. For example, in Windows NT, this key = contains=20 information on which Control Panel applets the user is allowed to run. = In=20 Windows NT or in Windows 98 with profiles enabled, when a user logs in, = Windows=20 uses that user=92s profile information to build this registry = key.

Another=20 variation in the Windows Registries is the AppEvent subkey. Although = both=20 versions of Windows contain this subkey, the Windows NT implementation = is much=20 more extensive than that found in Windows 98. This subkey contains a = registry=20 entry for various system actions, such as emptying the Recycle Bin or = receiving=20 a general protection fault. You can use these registry keys to assign = sounds to=20 the various events and, in some cases, to set an automated system = response to=20 the action. Keep in mind, though, that any such parameters found in this = section=20 apply only to the user who=92s currently logged in.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE = controls aspects=20 that relate specifically to the physical computer and the software = loaded on it.=20 Because Windows NT is so strict about every aspect of your computer=92s = hardware,=20 it should come as no surprise that this registry key is much more = complex than=20 its Windows 98 counterpart.

The first subkey is the Hardware key. = Although the Hardware subkey is of relatively little importance in = Windows 98,=20 it=92s absolutely crucial to Windows NT. Perhaps the most interesting = section of=20 the Hardware subkey is the RESOURCEMAP subkey. Beneath it is = configuration=20 information for many of the hardware devices in your = system.

Another main=20 section under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE is the SOFTWARE section. The SOFTWARE = subkey=20 contains information about most software that=92s installed on your = system. Keep=20 in mind that only software designed for Windows NT or Windows 98 will = make an=20 entry in this section. Also, some simpler programs may not require = registry=20 entries. Programs that depend on registry entries each have their own = subkey=20 below HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE | SOFTWARE. Some software manufacturers, such = as=20 Microsoft, may rely on an additional subkey containing the name of the = company.=20 For example, software published by Microsoft places its registry keys = under=20 HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE | SOFTWARE | Microsoft.

If you look deeper = into the=20 SOFTWARE | Microsoft subkey, you=92ll see that there=92s an entry for = Windows or=20 Windows NT, depending on which operating system you=92re using. The = Windows or=20 Windows NT subkey stores registry entries relating to add-ons to the = operating=20 system. For example, in Windows NT, the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE | SOFTWARE |=20 Microsoft | Windows NT | CurrentVersion key contains information about = which=20 fonts and drivers are installed and about such aspects as network=20 configurations, time zones, and port configurations. In Windows 98, = similar=20 information is found under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE | SOFTWARE | Microsoft | = Windows |=20 CurrentVersion.

Another section of HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE worth = discussing is=20 the SYSTEM subkey. Although everything under the SYSTEM subkey is = critical to=20 the operation of Windows, the area of most interest is usually the=20 CurrentControlSet subkey. Beneath CurrentControlSet are several other=20 subkeys.

The HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE | SYSTEM | CurrentControlSet | = Control=20 key stores such crucial information as the computer name and what to do = in the=20 event of a crash. Both versions of Windows contain this subkey; however, = each=20 version contains keys within this section that are version=20 specific.

Other areas of interest in the Windows NT = HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE |=20 SYSTEM | CurrentControlSet key are the Enum and the Hardware Profiles = keys. The=20 Enum key contains configuration information that tells Windows NT how to = respond, then a program attempts to make a direct call to a device. The=20 configuration information found in this section tells Windows NT to = intercept=20 the call and deal with it in a manner that won=92t be harmful to other = programs.=20 The Hardware Profiles section allows you to set up multiple hardware = profiles.=20 For example, you might have a docked and an undocked profile for a = notebook=20 computer. In Windows 98, similar information is found under = HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE |=20 ENUM and under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE | Hardware. However, keep in mind that = Windows=20 98 works with hardware much differently than Windows NT does. In the = Windows 98=20 implementation, these sections contain plug and play information and = basic=20 processor and serial port configuration information.

Another key = found=20 beneath the CurrentControlSet key in Windows NT is the Services key. = This key=20 contains information about Windows NT=92s various services. The = information found=20 in subkeys beneath Services includes the services=92 location and = startup type.=20 Because the Service Control Manager is specific to Windows NT, Windows = 98=20 doesn=92t contain an equivalent to this section.

HKEY_USERS
The HKEY_USERS key stores profiles = for each=20 user with an account that resides on the computer. When a user logs in, = his or=20 her settings are read from HKEY_USERS and copied to HKEY_CURRENT_USER. = In=20 Windows NT, the registry uses each user=92s SID number rather than a = login name=20 for the name of the related key. In Windows 98, this key contains only=20 user-specific information if you=92ve enabled profiles. Otherwise, the = default=20 system profile is the only one that=92s stored in this = section.

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG
In both versions of = Windows, the=20 main purpose of the HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG key is to store video and = Internet=20 settings. All of the aspects relating to your video card=92s resolution = and=20 refresh rate are stored under this key. Likewise, you can find = information about=20 the way your physical Internet connection is configured under=20 HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG | SOFTWARE | Microsoft | Windows | CurrentVersion | = Internet=20 Settings.

HKEY_DYN_DATA
As I = mentioned=20 earlier, the HKEY_DYN_DATA section is virtually nonexistent in Windows = NT. In=20 Windows 98, it controls some of the operating system=92s low-level = functions. For=20 example, plug and play information and other device settings are stored = under=20 this key. However, in Windows NT, plug and play doesn=92t exist, and = much of the=20 other information normally stored in this key is stored beneath other = keys=20 instead.

Conclusion
There are = critical=20 differences between the Windows NT and Windows 98 Registries. In this = article,=20 I=92ve explained some of the similarities and differences between = registry=20 settings in the two OSs.

Your feedback is=20 important
We want to know if you find this type of article = useful. Post a=20 comment or send=20 us a note and let us know what you think.
The authors and editors = have=20 taken care in preparation of the content contained herein but make no = expressed=20 or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors = or=20 omissions. No liability is assumed for any damages. Always have a = verified=20 backup before making any changes.

Copyright= =20 =A91995- 2002 CNET Networks, Inc. All Rights = Reserved.=20
Visit us at http://www.techrepublic.com/=20



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